Homo Erectus: Pyro Technology Essay

The gentlemans gentleman erectus farm animal consisted of the first human beings that controlled lift, or pyro technology, to entertain liveness. In this case onset was their lifeline, and without it thither may non surrender been the continuation of human life as we know it. Physical order of fire make preserved at early sites of humanity erectus caves be they were able to contain and control the flames. Origins of fire fashioning argon speculated from umpteen hypotheses of archaeologists. lighting making became their lifestyle, and with fire the human being erectus maintained a abiding heat and light source. In early gay erectus times these beings lived in caves in Southern Africa. In these caves evidence of fire exercising was discover and examined by Kenneth Oakley and his colleagues, except the evidence was inconclusive (Clark and Harris 7). flattually more Homo erectus sites were found and were also searched for possible fire making utilities and products of their fire making tools.In three sites of eastern and southern Africa, Clark discovered remains of burn bone of a shovelnose catfish and charred logs, along with other destroy ground materials and rare fire-fractured quartzite (Clark and Harris 7). These discoveries revealed many uses of fire to the Homo erectus. Cleary the burnt bone of catfish shows that Homo erectus gained knowledge of cooking raw meats. Materials left behind such as the charred logs probably indicated their source to keep the fire burning as long as they needed. Fire in human nature has eternally been a fear and still is, but humans have well-read to understand and control fire to their will. In Kenneth Feders book The noncurrent in Perspective an Introduction to Human Prehistory he declared that Homo erectus was our first ancestor able to control fire overdue to the evidence founded at an 800,000 year old site in Gesher Benot Ya aqov, in Israel. Strong evidence has been found t present such as burned seeds, wood, and even flint (110).The capabilities of having controlled fire drew the existence of the human lineage further down in time. This controlled fire helped human species adapt to unused environments with the protection of the warmth of flame and the light it provided. Fire also defend these beings from animals of the wild, keeping them off the fare chain with a better materialize to survive. Even cooking raw meats became possible through trial and error. The capacity to cook also helps with their digestive tract breaking down food easier with less energy to do so (Feder 110). The origin of fire making in the Homo erectus time period is truthfully uncertain. It is clear but that fire had been provided either by nature or by they themselves skill how to build up a fire.Through observation of hitting proper(postnominal) stones together they could have possibly learned fire building this way. Even though there isnt much evidence of whether or not the Homo erectus coul d build a fire or not, there are sites showing evidence that suggest they were capable of constructing a fire. In Chesowanja, Kenya there is a site where there were stone artifacts, fossilized faunal remains, and baked trunk clasts that were recovered in situ from fine grained clayey silt deposits found outcropping in the Chemoigut Formation (Clark and Harris 12). Even though this evidence is believed to be celluloid there is no actual proof that suggests these products were done with man-made fire. Fire making was the difference between Homo habilis and Homo erectus.The capability of fire making and use completely altered human life and consequently carved into the human lineage. The Homo erectus had fire to keep them warm from the sour conditions of the winter and cold climates they would encounter. Eventually the Homo erectus would learn how to use fire for foods and simplistic tool crafting. According to Gascoigne It will be many millennia sooner fire is adapted to any pur pose other than for warmth and for roast meat and root vegetables.But more than 250,000 years ago hunters confirm that the sharpened point of a wooden spear can be hardened by charring it in embers. All the knowledge of fire that the Homo erectus acquired from their lifetime was clearly passed onto all human species that came after themselves. Fire gave the Homo erectus the power needed to control and adapt to new environments. Protection with the use of fire helped the Homo erectus protect themselves from wild animals they encountered. These beings used fire for ordinary use, in everything and anything.The use of fire in the Homo erectus lifetime was native for their existence. Without fire human life would have been altered indefinitely. Fire is the tooshie of their existence and even ours. Then and now fire has always been here to help us advance not just in technology, but just a way of living. Fire and its many uses completely changed life for the Homo erectus and it not on ly helped them survive as long as they used it, but it also paved the way for human species in the future. In the end, fire is the basis of technology along with other tools the Homo erectus crafted in their time as well. Fire became the necessity among human life. whole kit and caboodle CitedClark, J. D., and J. W.K. Harris. The African Archaeological Review. Fire and Its Roles in Early Hominid Lifeways. Springer, 1985. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Feder, Kenneth L. The Human Lineage. The past in Perspective An Introduction to Human Prehistory. fifth ed. New York Oxford UP, 2011. 110. Print. Gascoigne, Bamber. History of Technology. HistoryWorld. 2001. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http//www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc>.

Danone Case Study

Organizational culture is organise by how the study is flowing somewhat the company. Some organizations prefer top-down approach in which selective information sharing is usually limited to the key personnel. In contrast, some organizations prefer bottom-up approach in which information is usually shared among the firm and centering tillers decision based on feedbacks. In the case of Dan champion, the company formed a culture of networking in launch to instigate more than information sharing among employees. Danone has been a success in the consumer goods sector due to its mod culture, and it also enjoys climbing revenues in the recent years.Knowledge counsel challenges set about by Danone There were two challenges faced by Danone. First, sharing was not a natural thing among employees e surplusly when there were no private connections. Donones employees prefer sharing information by talking to apiece opposite than sharing information on computers. Second, some manage rs were not well-situated to let their teams to discuss matters, because managers worried that their positions being challenged if teams are able to crystallize problems by themselves. However, management believes that these solutions from teams are useful within the firm.Therefore, the Networking status was launched to encourage employees to develop personal connections and to help managers to work in networks in order to overcome Danones knowledge management challenges. The Networking Attitude initiative The Networking Attitude has been an excellent facilitator to encourage Danone employees to network with each other. The goal of Danone is to utilize a game like structure to allow employees to form a special bond with each other. Organizing the marketplace activity, the company set up a fun, relax and informal atmosphere to allow employees to connect with each other and exchange ideas.Dressing in costumes also helps to lower peoples barrier to make connections. However, the prob lem of the Networking Attitude is that there could be wishing of motivation from employees to network. If employees objectives are not aligned, there is little reason for employees to make connections with each other. Also, employees are not rewarded based on their performance in this initiative. Many employees may not have incentives to do more out of doors of their routine works while no personal goal flowerpot be achieved. In my opinion, Danone can utilize more on this networking computer programme to align with employees personal goals.For example, Danone can encourage employee to network across divisions, so the network can help them to change jobs across departments. Danone should go deeper (more employees) on knowledge sharing Danones culture is to encourage more information flows, and more employees should be involved in knowledge sharing. By encouraging employees to share, it can join on employees morale, and both top management and low level employees are able to und erstand more on the company as a whole. By allowing more employees to participate, it will increase employees sense of belonging.Employees will also be more open to trifle up innovative ideas which will also benefit the company. In contrast, if Danone wants to go wider (outside the company), the company is running a risk by leaking out insider information to help its competitors. The bottom up approach organizational culture of Danone is one of the of import reasons that make the company competitive in its sector. Without these three main components flat hierarchy structure, encouraging information sharing, and reacting fast to the markets Danone would be in a different position today.

Academic Reading and Writing

marrow FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 faculty member READING AND indite Learning Unit 2 READING SKILLS By the end of this session, you should be able to identify what the source has stated literally (read the lines) infer what the writer has stated (read amongst the lines) admit subjects within the text to what you already know (read beyond the lines) A. put elaborateing pedantic Texts Academic texts be relatively formal in structure and style. They force be text decl atomic number 18s or simply straightforward texts.To add-on the amount of training that you fundament extract from a single culture of a section, chapter or article in an pedantic text, you necessity to manipulation efficient academic development st positiongies. Some of the skills which be essential in academic yarn argon skimming and scanning for specific information or details, engender inferences based on what is stated and applying ideas with the text to what you already know. B. I dentifying Specific info To identify specific information, you should begin by scanning the topic sentences (i. e. he sentence which makes the point of the split up and which is usually the first sentence of the divide). view the topic sentence helps you to stay focus on finding the required information. Task 1 allege the follo pass ong passage and provide the or so earmark answers for the corresponding questions. Social Influence 1 Of the umteen ascertains on gentlemans gentleman behaviour, cordial influences are the or so constant. When we hear the term social influence, most of us think of attempts of some unmatchable to persuade us to replace our actions or opinions. The television usually comes to mind.However, the major influence on community is pecks presence. M any of the most important forms of social influence are unintentional and the effects we tender-hearteds ask on wiz some other occur due to the fact that we are in distri neverthelessively others physical presence. In 1898, a psychologist named Trip allowt made an enkindle theme. In checking the fastness records of bicycle racers, he noniced that better travel records were obtained when cyclists raced against individually other than when they raced against the clock. This observation led Triplett to perform another experiment. He asked children to turn a wheel as fast as doable for a certain period of beat.Some judgment of convictions two children recreateed at the same time in the same room, from each adept with his wheel at other times, they worked alone. The results sustain his theory that children worked fast-paced in co-action, which is when another child doing the same amour was present. Therefore, the experiments proved that humans perform significantly better with the presence of another person when doing a task. 2 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 48 revolve swell up-nigh FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 academic READING AND write 3 Soon later on Tripletts experiments, it was spy that the presence of a passive spectator was enough to improve ones performance.This was discovered in an experiment on muscular fret by Meumann in 1910, who set that subjects lifted a weight faster whenever the psychologist was in the room. Later experiments have confirmed this auditory sense effect that provides some(prenominal) contri plainlyions to humans. Firstly, it helps to motivate a person to perform better. Secondly, it drives a person to get going the psychological barrier. This is apparent in sport competitions in which crowds have a great effect on athletes performance, and it is normally referred to as home-ground advantage. For example, footballers tend to win to a greater extent matches hen playing in front of their own fans. It appears that co-action and audience effects in humans are caused by the individuals cognitive concerns ab reveal competition and the evaluation of performance that others will make. We chequer as we grow up that others praise or criticize, reward or punish our performances, and this raises our drive aim when we perform in front of others. Thus, up to now the archaean studies of co-action found that if all elements of competition are removed, co-action effects are reduced or eliminated. Similarly, audience effects are a belong of a persons interpretation of how much he is world evaluated. adapted from Simon, 2010) 4 1. Based on the information provided in paragraph 1, what is the main influence in changing a persons behaviour and views? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What does the underlined phrase comes to mind in paragraph 1 squiffy? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. concord to the passage, what was the result of Tripletts two co-action experiments in 1898 ? ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Briefly rationalize TWO (2) reasons that caused the existence of co-action and audience effects in humans. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 49 center of attention FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 academic READING AND WRITING C. Making Inferences Writers a lot suppose you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help you read between the lines.Using these clues to give you a deeper recording of your reading is called inferring. When you infer, you go beyond the come out of the c supportt details to experience other meanings that the details suggest or regard (not stated). Task 2 Warming-Up Try to infer the possible message of the by-line cartoons. Discuss the messages with your peers and explain why your message is acceptable. accomplishable message ______________________________ ______________________________ Possible message ______________________________ ______________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 50 means FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMASPBI 1032 pedantic READING AND WRITING Task 3 Making Inferences Read the short excerpts dramatizen from several(prenominal)(prenominal) academic articles and answer the questions given. choose 1 During the recession of the mid-1980s, there was an increase in polish unemployment in Malaysia. With the reco really of the economy towards the end of the 1980s, fine-tune unemployment was slightly reduced thanks to antecedentitiess effort to render more jobs. However, graduate unemployment that existed during the 1998 currency crisis still persists until today as many companies were forced to merge and lay off workers.It has been reported that the number of unemployed people graduates had increas ed from 45,000 in 2000 to 85,000 in 2005 (Sim, 2006). What is the main cause of the increasing rate of graduate unemployment in Malaysia? A. Limited job opportunities due to economic instability. B. notes crisis in 1998 reduced salary of many jobs. C. Lack of efforts by the government to improve the economy. D. The impact of the global economic recession in the mid-1980s. Excerpt 2 Students are required to take slope exam as a compulsory requirement for introduction to unrestricted university.MUET (Malaysian undergrad English Test) result for red-hot entry student for the 2007/8 intake at one pothouselic university which can be con boldnessred as a regular(prenominal) sample for other public universities indicated that most students stigmatized below the satisfactory level in English competency. From the population of 2916 revolutionary students intake at this public university, about 72. 7% has a score of Bands 1, 2 and 3. This is because all they need is to get the MUET certificate regardless of their Bands (Mohini, 2008). Why did many students still score below the satisfactory level though MUET is a compulsory entrance requirement?A. Students omit initiatives to improve their English. B. English is often taken for apt(p) since it is accepted as unimportant. C. Majority of the programmes at university does not have a minimum Band requirement. D. A high MUET band is not a necessity for university entrance. Excerpt 3 It is all too apparent in this aim that many students, often very good students, suffer needlessly when doing group assignments. While some academics might claim that it is good to let students face problems arising from group work, it is soft-witted having them to face problems that they will not see in the workplace.Simply making students do assignments together is not preparing them for team work in industry. It is not simulating real life in industry. It causes tension to many students and gives them grades they do not deserve, especially when the better ones are penalized for the lack of efforts by others (Ford &038 Maurice, 2011). Why do good students suffer from doing group assignments? A. chemical group assignments reduce lecturers marking load. B. assort assignments do not relate to their in store(predicate) work life. C. Group assignments grades do not reflect their actual ability.D. Group assignments help them manage problems when working together. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 51 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING D. Reading Practice Task 3 Read the passage below and choose the best answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that hap Break Your Bad Habits By Amy Novotney As an undergraduate student, you probably got As contempt less-than-ideal study habits reading in front of the television, staying up all night cramming, checking e-mail every 10 minutes darn working on a paper.These behaviors may have cut it in college, but graduate school calls for a better set of strategies, says University of Virginia psychology professor Daniel Willingham, PhD. According to psychology faculty and other experts, here are the top vanadium habits that hold graduate students back 1. Highlighting. Dog-earing pages and highlighting diary article passages are popular but worthless exercises when it comes to helping you remember information posterior(prenominal) on, Willingham says. Thats because they dont require students to engage with the material.Instead, he suggests students find a more sprightly strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what theyre reading. This might be someaffair as simple as taking notes on important points, outlining how journal articles suit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a pieces large picture. In a study by Pintrich and De Groot (1990), students who asked themselves why? at the end of each sentence while reading a factual passage about a uni versity were significantly more likely to remember important points than students who were apparently told to read the passage and remember it. . Cramming for exams. When you pull an all-nighter, your memories of the concepts youre studying becomes associated with a particular time and environment, making them harder to retrieve, says Willingham. Thats bad news for crammers, as most interrogatorys arent handed out at 2 a. m. There are several reasons why distributing your studying throughout the semester is more long-lasting. One is that your brain doesnt make that association because the knowledge is cued and retrieved at many different points over time.Willinghams claims are backed up by Webb and Sheerans (2006) meta-analysis of 317 experiments examining the spacing of student study periods. The authors found that when participants canvas at two different points in time, they recalled a greater percentage of the material than when the same amount of study time was n primordial uninterrupted. 5 10 15 20 25 30 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 52 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. sickly eating. With both time and money in short supply, graduate students often skip lunch when rushing to class or hit the hawk machine for a late-night snack.Yet the high-fat, empty-calorie nutriments they often choose dont provide the energy involve to work effectively, and can also take a toll on the brain. A study by Manos (1999) linked retention loss to a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. And a 2008 meta-analysis of one hundred sixty studies examining foods effect on the brain showed that omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in salmon, walnuts and kiwi fruit, improve learning and memory (Hillman &038 Erickson, 1999). 4. Multitasking. Many students pridefulness themselves on their ability to attend to several tasks at once, but multitasking undermines efficiency, harmonise to a study by Miller (2006).It takes extra t ime to pillowcase mental gears every time you switch tasksthat means when you sit rout to work, close your e-mail program so it doesnt distract you. If you ask any graduate student what they do first when they sit down to study, 99 percent say they check their e-mail, and then the next thing you know, an bit has gone by, Miller says. When youre studying, you may even need to disable your profits connection and turn off your cell phone, she says. 5. Assuming you remember what youve read.According to a Pickering and Ferreiras (2006) meta-analysis of 30 years of research, we arent very good at assessing how well we understand something. You may feeling well-versed in the social psychology theories you knowledgeable in class after reading over your notes several times, but familiarity doesnt mean youll be able to recall the material for a test, Willingham says. To suppose whether youve studied enough, explain the material to someone else or create a test for yourself, he says. Qu izzing one another is the No. 1 thing I recommend to students, Willingham says. Its a much more realistic sagaciousness of what you know because it forces you to get inside the professors head and think about what they are likely to ask about the material. (adapted from Novotney, 2009) 35 40 45 50 55 60 For Questions 1-5, choose a word/phrase that is immediate in meaning to the underlined word as used in the text. 1. Dog-earing pages (line 9) A. m a r kin g wit h agree m a r ks B. dr a win g pict u r es on pages C. foldin g t h e cor n er s of pa ges D. wr it in g down n ot es on t h e side 2. making them harder to retrieve (line 24) A. or ga n ise B. pr ocess C. r eca ll D. t im u la t e ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 53 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. can also take a toll on the brain (line 38) A. ch a r ge B. disast er C. ba d effect D. lou d r in gin g 4. It takes extra time to shift mental gears (line 45) A. speed up wor k B. slow down t h inkin g C. t h in k a t a n a lyt ica l level D. ch a n ge focu s of concen t r a t ion 5. You may feel well-versed in (line 54) A. com pet en t B. en t h u siast ic C. h a bit u a l D. r em em ber For Questions 6-15, choose the most appropriate answers based on your reading. . Which of the following is an ideal study habit for undergraduate students? A. Studying while watching television. B. Studying into the wee hours of the morning. C. Interacting in emails while doing an assignment. D. Searching the internet for information on assignments. 7. Which sentence contains the main idea for the paragraph on highlighting? A. Dog-earing pages and highlighting journal article passages are popular but worthless exercises when it comes to helping you remember information later on, Willingham says B. Thats because they dont require students to engage with the material. C.Instead, he suggests students find a more alive(p) strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what theyre reading D. This might be something as simple as taking notes on important points, outlining how journal articles fit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a pieces bigger picture. 8. According to the paragraph 2, why are crammers unable to remember what they studied the night before? A. Memory is better at night but tests are usually not conducted at night. B. People usually lose their concentration if they study in one long sitting. C.What is studied is stored in the memory as a single episode and is not intimately recalled. D. The amount of time spent studying in one night is less than that for a whole semester. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 54 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 9. Why do students end up with caseous eating habits that affect their memory and learning? A. Food stalls are not open at night. B. They are busy and short of money. C. High-fat, empty-calorie food is tasty. D. They have lectures during lunch hour. 10. What food should students avoid if they want to improve their memory and learning?A. Fish. B. Fries. C. Fruits. D. Nuts. 11. What is the main idea for the paragraph on multitasking? A. Multitasking is an ability to be proud of. B. Multitasking is not an efficient way to study. C. Checking email should not be part of multitasking. D. Internet connection is a distractor when multitasking. 12. What is the author not construction in paragraph on multitasking? A. Students should do the less mentally tax tasks first. B. It is better to finish one task first before scratch line another. C. Email, internet connection and cell phones are distractive. D. To save time, graduate students should not check their email. 3. Why do students often assume they remember what they have read? A. They are familiar with it. B. They have copied the notes. C. They have attended the lecture. D. They can explain it to someone. 14. According to Willingh am, which is the best way to assess how well we understand something? A. See whether we can recall the information in the lecture. B. Find out whether we can do the test given by the lecturer. C. Ask each other questions on the information in the lecture. D. Set a test on the lecture and answer the questions ourselves. 15. Which text? A. B. C. D. f the following less-than-ideal study habits is not an idea found in the Eating at randomised hours. Doing last-minute studying. Reading articles superficially. Doing many things at one time. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 55 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Task 4 Read the passage below and choose the best answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that follow. The best hold 1 The biggest house of cards, the longest tongue, and of course, the tallest man these are among the thousands of records logged in the famous Guinness password of Records.Created in 1955 after a palisade concerning Europes accelerated game bird, what began as a marketing tool inter agitate to pub landlords to promote Guinness, an Irish drink, became one of the bestselling copyright titles of all time. In time, the have got have sold 120 million copies in over deoxycytidine monophosphate countries, quite a leap from its humble beginnings. 2 In its early years, the book aims to satisfy mans curiosity about the natural world most him. Its two principal fact finders, twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, travelled the globe to require facts.It was their task to find and document aspects of life that can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantified or measured. But not just any things. They were only interested in superlatives the biggest and the best. It was during this period that some of the assay-mark Guinness Records were documented, answering such questions as What is the brightest star? and What is the biggest spider? 3 formerly aware of the publics thirst for such knowledge, the books authors began to branch out to cover little-known facts. They started documenting human achievements as well.A forerunner for reality television, the Guinness Book gave people a incur to become famous for accomplishing extraordinary and often pointless tasks. Records were set in 1955 for consuming 24 raw eggs in 14 minutes and in 1981 for the fastest solving of a Rubiks Cube (which took a classic 38 seconds). In 1979, a man yodelled non-stop for ten and a eviscerate hours. 4 In its latest form, the book has found a new home on the internet. No longer restricted to the physical paper, the Guinness beingness Records website contains seemingly countless facts concerning such topics as the most powerful combustion engine, or the worlds longest train.More and more facts and achievements are added. While there is no denying that each of these facts has its individual attraction, the increasing number of strange achievements represents an important replace from the education-orient ed facts of earlier editions. It seems Guinness ball Records has changed its focus to cater to the audience that wants entertainment more than educational values. 5 Originating as a simple bar book, the Guinness Book of Records has changed over decades to provide insight into the full variety of modern life.Although one may be more likely to learn about the widest human mouth than the highest number of casualties in a Civil War, the Guinness World Records website offers a peek into the future of investigatory and record-documenting. (adapted from Michael &038 Timothy, 2012) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 56 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 1. What caused the introduction of Guinness Book of Records in 1955? A. The search for bestselling titles. B. The debate by several pub landlords. C. The marketing tool to promote Guinness. D. The arguments on the Europes fastest game bird.What was the main purpose of Guinness Book of Records in its earl y years? A. To document various life happenings B. To let the fact finders do the superlatives. C. To fulfil the curiosity within each human being. D. To travel near the world and find unbelievable facts. As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for principal? A. main B. belief C. senior D. sure How did the Guinness Book reality television show give people a chance to become famous? A. By accomplishing a task within a given time. B. By showing off their eating and interpret habits. C. By presenting their skills in front of the audience. D.By performing strange and usually pointless tasks. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the primary benefit of making Guinness World Records available online? A. It is more environmental friendly. B. It helps to save the cost of printing the book. C. The book can be sold to a larger number of readers. D. More facts can be added without the travail of the paper. According to the author, the major difference between older editions of the Guinness Book of Records and the new Guinness World Records website involves A. a move from fact-finding to the recording of achievements B. a change in focus from educational to entertaining material C. departure from book sales being limited to local pubs and bars D. an end to the use of educational facts as a means to promote Guinness Why does Guinness World Records include more strange achievements? A. It adds entertainment values to the records. B. It allows more people to achieve the impossible. C. More people were capable of doing weird things. D. The education-oriented facts are very hard to find. 6. 7. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 57 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 8. As used in paragraph 4, which is the best definition for infinite?A. certain B. excellent C. unlimited D. very little Which of the following statements is real? A. The reality television show for Guinness Book of Records was a failure. B. The title for the Guinness Book of Rec ords was derived from an Irish bird. C. Norris and Ross McWhirter were the first fact-finders for Guinness Book of Records. D. Changes to Guinness Book of Records are expected in the future since many people dislike reading silly records. What does the author imply by Guinness World Records website offers a peek into the future of fact-finding and record-documenting (paragraph 5)?A. Guinness World Records website will continue to be more entertainmentbased. B. Finding facts on various records to fit into the website would be harder in the future. C. The need for Guinness World Records website to be maintained for future generations. D. The Guinness World Records website may not be visited in the future since it has excluded educational facts. 9. 10. IMPORTANT NOTE In the final exam, the reading section will only include multiple-choice questions (MCQ) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 58

Journeys End †R.C.Sherriff †“Character of Stanhope” Essay

Explore the commissions in which Sheriff presents the character of StanhopeHow is the full young boy? Still potableing like a fish, as usual? The character of Stanhope is introduced by courageous in move custodyt 1, without him very making an appearance. Osborne shows consider to Stanhope and is clearly angry and annoyed by the way Hardy is dismissive of Stanhopes ability. Already, we are presented with two contrasting views of Stanhope. By considering the way in which both characters discuss him, we can traverse the indecision of whether or not Stanhope possesses heroic qualities.The play depicts the horror of trench assert of struggle it gives us an insight into what life is like in the war, the reality of the war and the reality of heroism. Heroism is to show great courage and bravery. A potbelly of men in the war signed up because when the war was over they wanted to be seen as a hero. None of these men had any idea about the reality of the treacherous conditions in the trenches. R.C Sheriff wanted to rouse the myths about the horrors of the war and address how real men survived the heroic men. In this essay, I am going to analyse typify 1 and Act 2, motion-picture show 2. I will look at the ways in which Sheriff uses language, stage directions and dramatic devices to present the character of Stanhope and I will address the question as to whether or not Stanhope possesses heroic qualities.In Act 1, the character of Stanhope is introduced. This has a major impact on the audition. It builds up focus for stanhopes arrival and provides the audience with valuable information about the character of Stanhope. Hardy shows disrespect towards Stanhope, for the simple reason that he likes a good drink. Osborne is indignant over these comments and continu eachy informs Hardy of his dedication, loyalty and perseverance. Oh hes a good chap Hardy says this in a shop at manner, dismissing his abilities as a leader. He does not share the same respect b ut instead uses Stanhopes values as an amusement. He was particularly amused at the fact that Stanhope missed his leave. He put it bundle to the reason that he did not want to show his family the drunkard state he was in.Maybe, the actual reason is that he is so loyal to his men that he does not want to abandon them. Osborne repeatedly defends Stanhope and emphasises the fact that he had seen him suffering all twenty-four hours, physically and intellectually, thusly out on responsibility all night. Young Stanhope goes on sticking it, day in and day out This comment recognises Stanhopes quality of loyalty, commitment and overwhelming mental military unit. It is for these qualities that could divulge Stanhope as a hero. Sheriffs purpose of including this scene in the play is to present the audience with two contrasting views of Stanhope. By doing this, he heightens the eager anticipation and curiosity. The audience are left to develop their let opinion on the character of Stanhope.In Act 1, scene 1, Sheriff presents the audience with another characters opinion of Stanhope. We can see that capital of North Carolina is very anxious and keen to talk about Stanhope. Dramatic devices are used to draw an alternative perspective if Stanhope.Osborne Dyou know himRaleigh Yes, rather Osborne Hes a splendid chapRaleigh Isnt he?His reactions to Osbornes comments show that he highly respects Stanhope and is in entireness awe of him. He looks up to Stanhope as a kind-of role model. He looked splendid in it, Raleighs language used to describe Stanhope suggests that he worships him. He uses words like splendid and amazing and majestic. This shows his excitement and wonder at being placed under his command. The scene on a whole shows Stanhope as a hero figure. Raleigh is in awe of him like a school boy idolises an erstwhile(a) student.In Act 2, scene 2, Hibbert is taken aback when Stanhope admits to suffering from neuralgia also.Hibbert This neuralgia of mine. Im awfully sorry. Im unnerved I cant stick it any longerStanhope I know its rotten isnt it. Ive got it like glareHibbert (taken aback) you have?In this scene we do not know whether Stanhope is genuinely suffering from neuralgia. However, it seems apparent to believe that he is from the earlier discussion of till Stanhope deals with pain. Hibbert is using this illness as an salve to leave. If Stanhope is suffering from neuralgia too, then why should one leave and not the other? Stanhope takes away Hibberts excuse to leave- the fear of life the trenches. Stanhope does not want one man to be the lives of others around him.Hibbert Ill go right along now, I think-Stanhope (quietly) youre going to stay here.Stanhope shows control and authority by saying this. He stands his ground and is firm in his words, but at the same cadence is calm and composed. This shows his natural skill as a leader and strength to keep his men together. In this sense Stanhope can be set forth as showing heroic qualities, fidelity and compassionate love to all under his command.With the use of dramatic devices, the character of Stanhope is introduced to the audience. Throughout the play, Sheriff continually uses these techniques and we are left feeling totally in awe of Stanhopes pretty comradeship, born leader skills and compassionate love to all in his battalion. Although Stanhope likes a good drink his weaknesses are overlooked by his dedication, loyalty and perseverance. Stanhope has suffered the nasty conditions of trench warfare but still goes on sticking it, month in, month out. In the eyes of his men there isnt a man to touch him.

How Poe Observes the Characteristics Essay

How Poe Observes the Characteristics of the American gothic belles-lettres Tradition in The caskful of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe was destined to a action of vileness and insanity. As the son of traveling performers, Poe was aband mavind to the horrors of the world at a young age. Poe is generally regarded as the father of American knightly belles-lettres, an display case to such authors as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. The stories that Poe inscribed are prevalent in fresh times, creating genres such as horror films and science fiction movies. The Cask of Amontillado is one of Poes most memorable short stories, that epitomizes the American Gothic writings Tradition through the fantasm narrative. In this short story Montresor, the protagonist, has a vendetta against Fortunato, a man that has wronged him molar concentrations of times. To carry out his revenge, Montresor proceeds to crotchet Fortunato into the catacombs of his cellar, promising him amontillado, a rare wine.In the end, Fortunato is bound to a wall, piece of music simultaneously being entombed by Montresor. The symbolic representation, settings, and narrator employed by Poe in The Cask of Amontillado are the stereotypical elements to Southern American Gothic publications To begin, Edgar Allan Poe utilizes his patriarchal mastery of symbolism to follow to the characteristics of The American Gothic writings Tradition in The Cask of Amontillado. Poe uses the symbol of Fortunatos attire to describe his personality as foolhardy and gullible. He adorns a tight adjustment party-striped dress and his head was surmounted by the conical cap and bells (Poe 1). He was dressed as a jester this symbolic representation portrays Fortunato as a fool. Trent Lorcher touts This is Montresors way of injure Fortunato tho for the anger he has caused Montresor. Montresor wants Fortunato to elapse like the fool that he is (Lorcher 1). Additionally, the amontillado is a symbol at heart it self for imposition. Amontillado is a rare and delightful wine, a significant temptation to one who is a wine connoisseur such as Fortunato.The amontillado symbolizes Montresors deceit of Fortunato at the mere mention of the amontillado by Montresor, Fortunato exclaims To your vaults (Poe 1). Lorcher justifies this Fortunatos passion for expert wine leaves him susceptible to flattery, flattery which Montresor provides (Lorcher 1). Another symbol is the way in which Montresor disposes of Fortunato, which depicts Montresors hatred and scorn for Fortunato. Montresor murders Fortunato in the most unusual fashion, he walls him up within a dungeon. In killing Fortunato in this humiliating method, it signifies Montresors true detestation for Fortunato and the want to dispatch of him in a humbling methodology. Poe describes this burial in such a manner I forced the last stone into position and plastered it up. for the half of a century no mortal has disturbed his bones (Poe 1). R.J. Russ supports this assumption by stating The way he actually kil take Fortunato was torturous and cruel.This proves how angry he was at Fortunato Montresor did it because he wanted Fortunato to die in an embarrassing fashion that Montresor believed he deserve (Russ 1). From Fortunatos wardrobe, to the deceitful wine, to the mode that Fortunato was killed Poe uses these symbols to observe the characteristics of the American Gothic belles-lettres. As well as using symbolism to adhere to the elements of the American Gothic Literature tradition, Poe also delves into the twisted thoughts of a vengeful narrator. Poe uses the dynamics of a tortuous plan, an irrational storyteller, and honor of aforementioned Montresor to craft The Cask of Amontillado into an American Gothic classic. Montresor tells the story of his revenge against Fortunato nearly fifty years aft(prenominal) the live burial. He is proud of his tangled plan to take vengeance. finished tomography, Poe depicts a premedi tated murder as planned by a ruthless Montresor.Throwing them aside, I soon uncovered a quantity of construction stone and mortar (Poe 7). The prior planning required to execute this intricate plan is evident, as Montresor created the ideal situation t exact his revenge. Womack states, By the end of Poes story, Montresor has gotten his revenge against unsuspecting Fortunato, whose taste for wine has led him to his own death (Womack 5). In order to continue, Montresor supplies the weakening Fortunato with alcohol to further lower the senses of the impulsive Fortunato. The lure of Amontillado is too much for the jolly Fortunato, impulsive to stagger to his death at the promise of a taste of the book sherry. Montresor attacks the pride of Fortunato when mentioning that Luchresi may be a better connoisseur of wine, in fact leading Fortunato to declare that Luchresi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry (Poe 3).This moment shows not scarce the pride imperative to Montresors plan for vengeance, but also the high-handedness that connoisseurs of wine such as Montresor and Fortunato possess. This pride is magnified in Montresor much so than Fortunato, as shown by the narrators opening line, The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon contumely I vowed revenge (Poe 1). The insult of Montresor is the death sentence for Fortunato, though the temper of the insult nor the consequence upon Montresors dignity is set forth. Montresors pride is the spirit of his family as the motto upon the family crest, Nemo me impune lacessit (Poe 5). Simply, Poe shows that Montresors ancestry contains the same pride by creating a motto saying No one assails me with impunity (Poe 5). Poe further challenges the reliableness and character of the narrator, and in fact Poe does not intend for the ref to see with Montresor because he has been wronged by Fortunato, but rather to judge him (Womack 4).The narrator evolves end-to-end the stor y as his insanity grows, and doubt is created in the reader as to the reliability of Montresor. As the end of his deed draws near, the agonized howls of Fortunato are comprehend when the certainty of doom finally emerges upon the captive. The story continues, I replied to the yells of him who clamored. I re-echoed, I aided, I surpassed them in volume and in strength. I did this, and the clamourer grew still (Poe 8). The brainsick narrator is a characteristic of Poes American Gothic Literature tradition, a characteristic that continues in the Cask of Amontillado with Montresor, who recounts the story nearly 50 years after the murder of Fortunato. Womack expounds upon Poes fascination with the mad chronicler, saying, at a time again, the reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of a sinister attend (Womack 4). Poes Cask of Amontillado is characterized as American Gothic Literature by the story-telling of a vengeful narrator as well as the dark setting that is described. Lastly, in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado, dark setting is visualised through the use of a medieval carnival to adhere to the American Gothic Literature tradition.To begin this short story, the cheerful setting of a medieval carnival is described they walked amidst the drunken and mirth. (Poe 1). The carnival is a profound, wry representation of Poes twisted plots in which he conveys fear to his audience. Poe strays from a prototypical melancholy setting associated with the American Gothic Literature tradition. You would neer expect a tale of sick revenge to take perplex at the same time as a merry making carnival (Palmer 3). Another setting representative of evil is portrayed in Poes work through the isolation of the catacombs. We passed through a cast off of low arches, descended, passed on, and descended, arrived at a deep crypt in which the foulness of the oxygenate caused our flame beat torches to grow the flame (Poe 3). Poes use of imagery when describing t he catacombs fashions a scene of isolation and despair common among short stories class as American Gothic Literature.The use of a deep opposition tomb is used to portray sinister setting and the chaos of impend death. I busied myself among the pile of bones. a succession of loud and shrewd screams busted suddenly from the throat of the chained form (Poe 6). The moment described in the quote is Fortunatos realization that he will die as the egress to his tomb is gradually sealed. Poes work in a sense puts the reader in the shoes of the victim in the tomb. As they experience fear, panic and rage in their final moments of jumble (Moore 2). Poes use of setting in The Cask of Amontialldo is archetypal to the American Gothic Literature tradition, using the setting to further create a sense of mystique and unease.To conclude, Edgar Allan Poe is purely a master of The American Gothic Literature Tradition. He utilizes the prototypical elements of symbolism, a vengeful character, and an eerie setting to adhere to the specific protocol of The AGLT (American Gothic Literature Tradition). Poes exploitation of symbolism conveys underlying messages about the short storys plot and characters. Poes dominance over the concept of having an unstable and vengeful protagonist entices the reader to read on. Finally, Poes use of a carnival as a setting is a sick twist, a place where one expects pastime is substituted with a place where revenge is taken. It is safe to presume that Poes life of disappointment, resilience, darkness, and mystery shaped him into an individual that properly utilizes all of the elements of The American Gothic Literature Tradition.Works CitedLorcher, Trent. Symbolism and Irony in The Cask of Amontillado. 17 January 2012. September 2013 .Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. 1846. September 2013 .Russ, R.J. Symbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Cask of Amontillado. 28 April 2008. September 2013 .Womack, Martha. Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado The Poe Decoder. 1997, September 2013 < http//www.poedecoder.com/essays/cask/>.Poe, Edgar A. sententious Stories The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe

Alliant health system Essay

From my point of gull no strategy is absolutely sound. There are some or other lacking points in every strategy. In case of alliants strategy, although they have made quite advancements simply in last 5yrs they have hit a few unforeseen obstacles and drawbacks that has staggered their progress. alliants were only been able to lay the base. The working of alliants was facing the problem of in cordiality to the total look steering philosophy.For alliants to eliminate the problem the feature process still needs a jumpstart ,even the physicians show broader there view point, implementation of an IT system that fully supports total quality care by getting them the data and the important facts it need to have to in cooperate innovation in future in their organisation. even up the chief operating officer wolford said that he cannot talk about any one sweep which is doing substantially well than its competitors. alliants were finding a problem to get plans into implementation. Even as per the statistics the unable to monitor rate was around 2% to 70%.How well have they implemented the quality strategy? Alliants thought of a new action plan to introduce total quality management with the help of quality management team with a 10 cursor action setup. This time they were determent that the implementation of plans takes up systematically. Mainly 4 area of TQM strategy were taken of well. 1) CARES+ this process was implemented all crossways the alliants. This helped in shifting from the traditional system of the planning to the make betterment of the quality which was highly efficient. 2) EQUIP- this was an idea to give voice to the employees.They were allowed to share their point of view and give their ideas, innovations and communicate with the higher management of the organisation. 3) . Quality Improvement Teams- these teams brought the trivia and specific analytical tools to bring implementation in action. 4) . Critical Paths 3. appraise their nurture tec hnology needs. Believed information technology (I/T) is a key in the future strength of TQM Need expert systems computers to help the mind Was a shift in focus to patient-oriented systems rather than functional, stove pipe applications that met finalize departmental needs.Physicians, clinical support professionals, and administrators could share information and drive persisting improvement in service HELP offered advice on possible diagnoses, cost-effective treatments, resource scheduling, and drug contraindications. New I/T strategy offered portentous advantages over Alliants existing patchwork of stand-alone systems System worked simultaneously advice was available as patient was being treated Had the potential to improve coordination dramatically by collecting data from all corners of the hospital into a single patient-centered system 4. Would you proceed with HELP?From my point of view, yes we should proceed with HELP. As this improving the quality, saving time and even th e paper. This system has helped the hospital in making the whole organisation a one working unit. This is basically a single patient orient system that has all the information about every patient who has been admitted in any of their hospital in any other area. This has eliminated the repeated data and has been proved to be more productive, efficient and well organised. 5. What would you do to make sure implementation is boffo? The steps which i would take will involve

Part Three Chapter II

IIWha dyou wan?Terri Weedons shrunken body was dwarfed by her ingest doorway. She impersonate claw- worry detainment on either jamb, trying to make herself more imposing, ingloriousball the entrance. It was eight in the morning Krystal had yet left with Robbie.Wanna talk ter yeh, part her sister. Broad and mannish in her white endue and tracksuit bottoms, Cheryl sucked on a stooge and squinted at Terri by means of the smoke. Nana Caths died, she said.Wha?Nana Caths died, repeated Cheryl loudly. Like you comein care. notwithstanding Terri had comprehend the first duration. The news had hit her so hard in the keyst wizard that she had asked to hear it again out of confusion.Are you b farthermosted? demanded Cheryl, glaring into the blotto and empty face.Fuck off. No, I aint.It was the truth. Terri had not used that morning she had not used for three weeks. She took no pride in it there was no star chart pinned up in the kitchen she had managed longer than this to begin with, months, even. Obbo had been away for the one-time(prenominal) fortnight, so it had been easier. But her works were still in the old biscuit tin, and the craving burned like an eternal beam wrong her decrepit body.She died yesterday. Danielle ony fuckin bformer(a)ed to lemme know this mornin, said Cheryl. An I were gonna go up the ospital an go out er again today. Danielles after the ouse. Nana Caths ouse. Greedy bitch.Terri had not been inside the atomic terraced preindication on Hope Street for a long time, scarce when Cheryl spoke she precept, very vividly, the knick-knacks on the sideboard and the net curtains. She imagined Danielle there, pocketing things, ferreting in cupboards.Funerals Tuesday at nine, up the crematorium.Right, said Terri.Its our ouse as much as Danielles, said Cheryl. Ill tell er we wan our share. Shall I?yea, said Terri.She watched until Cheryls canary hair and tattoos had vanished around the corner, and then retreated inside.Nana Cath dead . They had not spoken for a long time. Im washin my ands of yeh. Ive ad equal, Terri, Ive ad it. She had never stopped seeing Krystal, though. Krystal had amaze her blue-eyed miss. She had been to watch Krystal trend in her stupid boat races. She had said Krystals name on her deathbed, not Terris.Fine, then, you old bitch. Like I care. Too late now.Tight-chested and trembling, Terri moved through with(predicate) her stinking kitchen in search of cigarettes, only really craving the spoon, the flame and the needle.Too late, now, to say to the old lady what she ought to have said. Too late, now, to become again her Terri-Baby. Big girls dont cry big girls dont cry It had been years before she had realized that the song Nana Cath had sung her, in her rasping smokers voice, was really Sherry Baby.Terris hands s faretled like vermin through the debris on the work tops, curious for fag packets, ripping them apart, finding them all empty. Krystal had probably had the eventually of them she was a greedy little cow, just like Danielle, riffling through Nana Caths possessions, trying to make her death tranquillize from the rest of them.There was a long centre lying on a greasy plate Terri wiped it off on her island of Jersey and lit it on the gas cooker. Inside her head, she heard her stimulate eleven-year-old voice.I wish you was my mummy.She did not want to remember. She leaned up against the sink, locoweed, trying to hold off forward, to imagine the clash that was coming between her two older sisters. nada messed with Cheryl and Shane they were both handy with their fists, and Shane had put burning rags through some abject bastards letter box not so long ago it was why hed done his last stretch, and he would still be inside if the house had not been empty at the time. But Danielle had weapons Cheryl did not money and her own home, and a landline. She knew official people and how to talk to them. She was the kind that had spare keys, and rich bits o f paperwork.Yet Terri doubted that Danielle would get the house, even with her secret weapons. There were more than just the three of them Nana Cath had had loads of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. After Terri had been taken into care, her fuck off had had more kids. society in total, Cheryl reckoned, to five different begins. Terri had never met her half-siblings, but Krystal had told her that Nana Cath saw them.Yeah? she had retorted. I hope they rob her blind, the stupid old bitch.So she saw the rest of the family, but they werent exactly angels, from all that Terri had heard. It was only she, who had once been Terri-Baby, whom Nana Cath had cut adrift for ever.When you were straight, evil thoughts and memories came pouring up out of the darkness inside you buzzing black flies clinging to the insides of your skull.I wish you was my mummy.In the vest top that Terri was wearing today, her scarred arm, neck and upper jeopardize were fully exposed, swirled into unnatural folds and creases like melted ice cream. She had spent six weeks in the burns unit of South West General when she was eleven.(How did it happen, love? asked the mother of the child in the next bed.Her give had thrown a tear apart of burning chip fat at her. Her Human League T-shirt had caught fire.Naccident, Terri muttered. It was what she had told everyone, including the social worker and the nurses. She would no sooner have shopped her return than chosen to burn alive. Her mother had walked out shortly after Terris eleventh birthday, personnel casualty all three daughters behind. Danielle and Cheryl had moved in with their boyfriends families within years. Terri had been the only one left, trying to make chips for her father, clinging to the hope that her mother would come linchpin. Even through the agony and the terror of those first days and nights in the hospital, she had been glad it had happened, because she was true that her mum would hear just about it and come a nd get her. Every time there was movement at the end of the ward, Terris heart would leap.But in six long weeks of pain and loneliness, the only visitor had been Nana Cath. Through quiet afternoons and evenings, Nana Cath had come to sit beside her granddaughter, reminding her to say thank you to the nurses, grim-faced and strict, yet leaking unexpected tenderness.She brought Terri a cheap ductile doll in a shiny black mac, but when Terri undressed her, she had nothing on underneath.Shes got no knickers, Nana.And Nana Cath had giggled. Nana Cath never giggled.I wish you was my mummy.She had wanted Nana Cath to take her home. She had asked her to, and Nana Cath had agreed. Sometimes Terri thought that those weeks in hospital had been the happiest of her life, even with the pain. It had been so safe, and people had been kind to her and looked after her. She had thought that she was going home with Nana Cath, to the house with the pretty net curtains, and not guts to her father not b ack to the bed agency door flying open in the night, banging off the David Essex poster Cheryl had left behind, and her father with his hand on his fly, approaching the bed where she begged him not to )The adult Terri threw the smoking filter of the cigarette stub down onto the kitchen floor and strode to her front door. She needed more than nicotine. smoothen the path and along the street she marched, walking in the same advocate as Cheryl. Out of the corner of her eye she saw them, two of her neighbours chatting on the pavement, watching her go by. Like a fucking picture? Itll last longer. Terri knew that she was a perennial subject of gossip she knew what they said about her they shouted it after her sometimes. The stuck-up bitch next door was forever whining to the council about the state of Terris garden. Fuck them, fuck them, fuck them She was jogging along, trying to run the memories.You dont even know who the father is, do yeh, yer whore? Im washin my ands of yeh, Terri , Ive ad enough.That had been the last time they had ever spoken, and Nana Cath had called her what everyone else called her, and Terri had responded in kind.Fuck you, then, you miserable old cow, fuck you.She had never said, You let me down, Nana Cath. She had never said, Why didnt you keep me? She had never said, I loved you more than any(prenominal)one, Nana Cath.She hoped to God Obbo was back. He was supposed to be back today today or tomorrow. She had to have some. She had to.All righ, Terri?Seen Obbo? she asked the boy who was smoking and drinking on the wall outside the off licence. The scars on her back felt as though they were burning again.He shook his head, chewing, look at her. She hurried on. Nagging thoughts of the social worker, of Krystal, of Robbie more buzzing flies, but they were like the staring neighbours, judges all they did not understand the monstrous urgency of her need.(Nana Cath had collected her from the hospital and taken her home to the spare room. I t had been the cleanest, prettiest room Terri had ever slept in. On each of the three evenings she had spent there, she had sat up in bed after Nana Cath had kissed her goodnight, and rearranged the ornaments beside her on the windowsill. There had been a clink bunch of glass flowers in a glass vase, a plastic pink paperweight with a shell in it and Terris favourite, a rearing pottery horse with a silly smile on its face.I like horses, she had told Nana Cath.There had been a school trip to the agricultural show, in the days before Terris mother had left. The class had met a gigantic black shire horse covered in horse brasses. She was the only one brave enough to stroke it. The smell had intoxicated her. She had hugged its column of a leg, ending in the massive feathered white hoof, and felt the living flesh infra the hair, while her teacher said, Careful, Terri, careful and the old man with the horse had smiled at her and told her it was quite safe, Samson wouldnt hurt a nice litt le girl like her.The pottery horse was a different colour scandalmongering with a black mane and tail.You can ave it, Nana Cath told her, and Terri had known true ecstasy.But on the fourth morning her father had arrived.Youre comin home, he had said, and the look on his face had terrified her. Youre not stayin with that fuckin grassin old cow. No, you aint. No, you aint, you little bitch.Nana Cath was as stimulate as Terri.Mikey, no, she kept bleating. Some of the neighbours were peering through the windows. Nana Cath had Terri by one arm, and her father had the other.Youre coming home with meHe blacked Nana Caths eye. He dragged Terri into his car. When he got her back to the house, he beat and kicked every bit of her he could reach.)Seen Obbo? Terri shouted at Obbos neighbour, from 50 yards away. Is e back?I dunno, said the woman, turning away.(When Michael was not licking Terri, he was doing the other things to her, the things she could not talk about. Nana Cath did not come any more. Terri ran away at thirteen, but not to Nana Caths she did not want her father to find her. They caught her anyway, and put her into care.)Terri thumped on Obbos door and waited. She tried again, but cypher came. She sank onto the doorstep, shaking and began to cry.Two truanting Winterdown girls glanced at her as they passed.Thas Krystal Weedons mum, one of them said loudly.The prozzie? the other replied at the top of her voice.Terri could not muster the strength to swear at them, because she was crying so hard. Snorting and giggling, the girls strode out of sight.Whore one of them called back from the end of the street.

Critical Response to Martin and Milway’s Editorial Essay

In A Productive Labour The except Limit to Productivity Growth is Human Ingenuity, authors Martin and Mil way of life return an origin for change magnitude productivity as a means of raising Canadas stintingal health and spiritedness standards. Although Martin and Milways editorial on productivity present a piece that is rational and easily understood, its effort to convince that readers of its principal(prenominal) inclination is encumbered by weaknesses in the authors approach and conclude that fit to more questions being raised(a) than answered in the course of ones reading.The editorial underlines the importance of improving Canadas productivity in roost of rising prices of manufactured goods and services that accompanied the streng indeeding of the Canadian sawbuck in 2001. The main(prenominal) argument put forth is that enhancing productivity is comminuted in ensuring improvements on the countrys living standards.The authors proceed to assume their arguments b y presenting two ways by which living standards can be raised, the first by increasing the number of operative hours or development up more natural and physical resources for sustained wealth earthly concern, and the second by improving productivity or raising the value created per working hour. After illustrating that the first way is not a viable alternative, the authors then concentrate on convincing the reader why the second way is better by define the concept of productivity based on talent and innovation.The strength of Martin and Milways editorial lies in its ability to woo to the rational side of its readers and their ability to tackle an early(a)wise complicated playing ara in simple footing. The authors attempt to defend their arguments by stating facts and carefully defining their subject, that is, productivity. As a result, the readers are compelled to view their argument in circumstance of the definition that they present. Unfortunately, several weaknesses i n Martin and Milways editorial in terms of their approach and in their reasoning reduce the effectivity of their argument.The biggest errors that exist in the editorial are faulty reasoning and the inability of the authors to substantiate their claim. As a consequence, the authors fail to persuade readers that productivity is the surest way to raise our living standards. (par. 4) The editorial was clearly written to convince readers that Canada needs to raise its productivity if it is to continue its economic egression and if it is to raise living standards.On the other hand, the authors fail to present establish to substantiate this claim aside from the argument that it is the most cost-effective alternative in terms of labour, time, and natural resources. The authors automatically assumed that the readers of the editorial would readily accept that an increase in economic proceeds mentions from an increase in productivity. Likewise, this argument raises several implications f irst, that economic growth is not possible without an increased productivity second, that productivity growth evermore leads to a raise in the living standards.It is here that the informed auditory modality becomes wary as the authors bias shows through in their failure to contain countries with high productivity growth but low living standards. This shows a lack of forethought of the authors in answering the questions that would be inevitably raised by their argument. The main weakness of the editorial is that the authors commit fallacies in reasoning. For one, they are begging the question wherein the reader must already accept the finish in order to accept the evidence forwarded (Boyne, et. al. , 69).For instance, the authors enumerate the ways by which productivity can be improved to support their main contention. They evoke that productivity increases in one of two ways greater efficiency in how we employ labour and capital, or greater value creation per unit of these inpu ts. (par. 8) This flow of the discussion reflects an assumption on the part of the authors that their main argument has already been accepted by the readers since discussing the ways by which productivity can be improved does not necessarily support the argument that productivity will improve the countrys economy.This circular reasoning makes the reader feel like the authors are trying to sound licit but cannot support their argument beyond the definition of the subject. Another open error in reasoning in the Martin and Milways editorial is bigotry (Boyne, et. al. , 70) or hasty generalization. The authors attempt to prove the argument that Productivity growth also benefits workers and consumers (par. 14) by stating that countries and regions with higher productivity pay higher wages (par. 14) which assumes that higher wages automatically result from higher productivity.If one is to follow this argument, then it would imply that countries and regions that pay lower wages are not productive or low in productivity. In sum, a captious analysis of the piece reveals that the weaknesses outweigh the positive aspects in Martin and Milways editorial. Shortcomings in substantiating the editorials central argument with credible evidence as well as the inability to defend their argument in a logical manner renders the entire editorial ineffective in convincing the reader of the importance of improving productivity to improve their lives.

Bond Case Analysis Essay

Summary of FactsGilda Sears who is enrolled in an Investments class has picked a see on bond set theorems. The 2 main theorems that she decided to expand dealt with voucher rate and term-to-maturity and how these factors influence the price. Thus she included 2 bonds with the equal(p) rating and term with a distinct coupon rate, as rise up as two bonds with the same rating and coupon rate with different terms. She thought that if the bond markets were efficient, bonds with similar characteristics would be priced so that there would be little difference in the YTM. Besides S& antiophthalmic factorP, she excessively looked at Moodys for additional information.There was an increase in the interest rates over 1984-1986 and hence observed the actual YTM at different point in time. Three periods were selected November 1, 1984, 1985, and 1986. The theorem states that YTM and price, as well as coupon rate and price, should have an inverse relationship, while bond while and price s hould have a direct relationship. ** Please refer to Annexure 1 for a summary on the Factual Numbers in the case.ProblemsThe quest are the problems of the caseQ1 use the prices given, calculate the percentage price changes for the terce periods for the capital of Massachusetts Edison and American Brand bonds and explain the difference between the changes. Q2 Using the prices given, calculate the percentage price changes for the three periods for the AT&T and Batito a greater extent Gas bonds and explain the difference between the changes. Q3 Also, assuming there is a significant decline in interest rates, which of the four bonds would provide the largest potential difference capital gain?Analysis and ancestor** Please Refer to Annexure 2 for Solution to I and III. Boston Edison and American Brand* The two bonds have the same rating and maturity dates, but different coupon rates. * American Brand has a higher coupon rate (5.87%) than Boston Edison (4.25%) * The percentage cha nge in the bond prices is inversely related to the YTM and the coupon Rate. * The difference in the price increase was more than significant in the second and the third period. * While the two bonds had comparable percentage price increase in the first period (1985 to 1986), the difference became much more significant in the subsequent periods, where the bond with a lower coupon rate was much higher. * Hence, this is in sync with the Bond Price Theorem.II. AT&T and Baltimore Gas and electric car* The two bonds have the same rating and coupon rates, but different maturity dates. * AT&T has a longer term (2/15/01) than Baltimore Gas and Electric (12/15/98) * The percent increase in price was much more significant in the first period, where the bond with the longer YTM had almost treble the bond with the shorter YTM. * The percent decline in interest rate was similarly slightly greater for the bond with a longer maturity date, as longer maturity makes bond price more sensiti ve to interest rates.III. Largest potential capital gain** Please Refer to Annexure 3 for Solution to III* I calculated the succession of the bond to make a selection of the bond with the potential capital gain in the orgasm of a decline in the interest rates. * Though shorter duration minimizes the stake of actively trading in bonds, bonds with longer durations are less supersensitized to fluctuation. * Hence, among the 4 bonds, AT&T is the one with the maximum duration and hence will entail a larger potential gain.

Civics essay

Kennedy once said, acquire non what your inelegant can do for you, but what you can do for your area. These atomic number 18 wise words to live by, since every person has a civil duty that they owe to their country. All Americans owe so a lot to their caller including obeying the law, paying taxes, and making an motility to get a Job. The giving medication puts laws In place to ensure that the society will run smoothly, and everyone owes It to the country to obey these ms. Laws be created only to, again, further mitigate the society.They are on that point to keep everyone safe, as well as give concourse the rights that they deserve. It is non a difficult task asked of the the great unwashed, and after everything the authorities and different community engage done for you, you owe it to them and the country to follow these laws. Taxes are something dislike by everyone. No one in the world likes to pay an lavishness amount of money for something they feel is useless. Although, taxes are not useless, and every American owes it to their country to pay them.When someone pays taxes, the money Is given to the government and Is use for many different hinges to further better our society. These things Include sidewalks, paved roads, and pull down teachers. Sidewalks keep pedestrians safe, paved roads are better for cars, and teachers are thither to educate the minds of the future adults of America. Without taxes, we would not be up to(p) to have so many things that better our country, so every American has a civil duty to keep up the goodness and pay their taxes. Many people at once have been struck with the poor luck of being permit go from their jobs which is understandable.Although, every American owes it too their country to gain an effort to get one. Some people that are out of work make no attempt to get a new one, but they should. It is your civic duty to make a living and contribute to the economy. The government should not have to pay for someone to live when they are capable of doing so their self. Also, when people arent working for their own money, that means that taxes are raised for other working Americans so the government can afford to keep people that are out of Jobs in a stable home.So, everyone should be able to and ray to contribute everything they can for the economy. Everyone owes something to their country, they Just need to know what they have to do. Citizens should be aware of the ways they can positively contribute to their society As well as obeying the law, paying taxes, and being employed, there are many more ways a person can better their country These ways include simple things such as volunteering and plane voting. Everyone has a civic duty, and it is not a difficult task to discharge for your country BY Dripping can do for your country.These are wise words to live by, since every person has a The government puts laws in place to ensure that the society will run smoothly, and everyone owes i t to the country to obey these ms. Laws are created only to, pays taxes, the money is given to the government and is utilise for many different things to further better our society. These things include sidewalks, paved roads, and today have been struck with the poor luck of being let go from their Jobs which is doing so their self. Also, when people arent working for their own money, that means

Assessment and Treatment Exercise

Jesminder Jess Kaur Bhamra presents today with difficulties she is having at home. She comes from a rattling traditional and strict Indian family where gender roles ar clearly defined. Women be judge to learn to cook and cargon for their husbands, who are, of course, expected to be the sole breadwinners. She states that she loves and respects her parents as well as their traditions besides feels such traditions are antiquated. She has decided to seek counseling because of her recent thicket with her set out. Jess does non wish to take on the traditional role of juvenility Indian women, who marry new and desire a husband.She is really self-assertive and wants to break proscribed of the mold, universe something different than what is expected. I evaluate this as a typical adolescent issue, a growing pain, if you will that is being trivialized by her parents. Jess is at a crossroads. It is normal to desire to please unrivalleds parents and Jess ineluctably to evaluate he r motives for doing what she wants for herself and what her parents desires. leaf node Motivation Jess sees herself as a womanish version of her hero, David Beckham, competing in soccer rather than cooking for an delicious Indian man as tradition dictates.She has posters of him plastered all everywhere her bedroom. She watches him so intensely on television that she is not even invariably aware that her parents are calling her. She get togethers every chance she repays with her male counterparts in the park. She even keeps up a rouse of a summer blood to secretly get in on an all girl squad. She is also make aware by her teammates and coach that in that respect is a real misfortune that her dream of playing professionally may be realized Client Resources ( positions) Jess exercises and practices frequently. Her coach and peers encourage her and let her hunch forward how faithful of a doer she is.The guys that she plays with at the park come to her games to cheer her on. Jess is highly disciplined. She takes her training disadvantageously and has a very loving and supporting family. She states that her mother alship canal wants the lift discover for she and her sister and that she is always concerned with their well-being. Jess erect talk to her father al roughly anything that is going on in her life and most of the time, he is very understanding. She and her sister have a close bond. Her relationship with her sister, Pinky, is one of the things that enables her to protract on.Pinky covers for Jess so that she can continue to play soccer. She encourages her to do her best and not to worry ab divulge other peoples thoughts about what she is doing. Jess also mentions Jules, a teammate who is going through a similar concomitant with her own family and has been able to relate to her struggles. They are a tower of strength to each other. In addition to sheer determination, these are things that keep Jess rivet on her goals. Intersomebodyal fu nctioning Jesss peers share her enkindles. She has a a few(prenominal) peers that are boy crazy up to now she does not really settle out with them.Jess has slowly begun to detach herself from them because they cannot understand wherefore she would rather get sweaty and dirty than go shopping with them. She also has an understanding coach, Joe. Joe has helped her break out of her shell by allowing her to accept herself. She was very afraid to play in short pans because of the burns she encountered as a child. Joe showed her his scar and she is no perennial afraid to play in short pants. This new level of credenza has propelled her into a greater realm of possibilities. No one on her team comments about it.One of her peers from the park made a comment but she was very resilient to it and it has not been an issue since. She has made a healthy limiting to her circumstances and not let a deformity discourage or predict her prox. Intrapersonal function According to Jess, going a gainst her mothers wishes is kindred rejecting her own nicety. The reason that she feels this way is because she believes that she has nothing in common with the absolute majority of her peers, especially those within her culture. Her priorities clash with her mothers expectations.Jess believes her mother wants her to be more feminine like her sister and that her mother values trade union over independence. even off though she has now surrounded herself with people that are interested in the same things she is, she can not help but feel alone. As much as her friends want to be there for her they do not understand why she can not with child(p)ly tell her mother what she really wants to do and her peers have a hard time letting her deal with the stain. They do not understand her traditions. Even though her sister has always been there for her, Pinky is more traditional.Jess is the merely female in her immediate cultural surroundings that has an unusual pipe dream and she is trying to assess her contacts. She needs to determine if she is doing the even up thing. Without any female role models in her culture to model, it is an even more difficult feat. As much as she wants to follow her dreams and make soccer her profession, she is also feeling torn inside. Ethic/Culture/Gender considerations In Indian culture one of the most important things there is, is wedding and family. It is un countable for a daughter to go against her parents wishes and most importantly playing such a masculine sport like soccer.According to Jess girls are supposed to put a great emphasis on learning how to be a good homemaker and making their husband happy and then they can think about such things as education and other interests they may have. In Indian society an arranged marriage is seen as an act of love. Since marriage in their culture is one of the most important decisions a person will ever make and because divorce is not accepted among most Indians, it is important th at the marriage choice is carefully thought out and planned.The family, ordinarily the parents, look for certain traits in a marriage partner. Some loveable traits looked for in both male and female are things like duplicate levels of education, matching cultures, close parental cities and matching religions. There are however times when a love match happens as it was in the persona of Pinky and her fiance. A love match is much like an American marriage, where the two fall in love. However, in Jesss case her interest in soccer was not going to be accepted that easily. Her situation went beyond what any elder in her family would ever understand.For them, seeing Jess crop rough in a pair of shorts playing a game that is considered a men sport would bring much rape to their whole family. Her culture does not accept any form of homosexuality. She almost destroyed her sisters chances of getting married because the fiances family thought they saw her kissing a girl. She and Jules were joking around on a bus stop and it was misinterpreted by Pinkys future in-laws. It brought temporary shame to her family. Her culture is very keen on respecting parents and obeying their wishes.This is why the secret that she keeps is causing her so much turmoil. Her family is deeply religious and she has to participate in various rituals that interfere with her ability to play soccer. Developmental considerations If Jess were to be a regular girl growing up in the coupled States the riddle that she is going through might not be such a big deal with any other family. There are some families who would love to have a all-round(prenominal) teen-ager who is staying out of foreboding and has not given into peer pressure to follow any trends.For a 17 year-old Jess is very mount and is able to analyze the consequences that her actions might bring. She is mature enough to understand that she is caught between what she wants and what her parents want for her and was able to seek ou t the help that she needs in order to address her problem. Inferences and Judgments Jess is a rattling(prenominal) young lady. She is very grounded and disciplined. She has great friends. One of the young men she pals around with even offered to marry her so that she can pursue her dream. She was offered a erudition to play soccer and she does not know how to inform her parents about it.Given her chronicle and her internal conflict, I am confident that Jess will make the right decision and right choices for her family and her future. Summary Practitioners impressions, including the initial problem targeted for treatment When I first met with Jess I believed her to be a well-rounded person that really knew what she wanted. She has a lot of things going in her opt such as having a strong support system that she can count on and having a strong sense of self when it comes to what she wants out of life.She is lacking the confidence and courage to confront her mother and let her know what she wants out of life. Identification of goals Some of the goals we have set during our sessions involve ways of solving her dilemma with her family. Her father has induce aware of her situation and she was allowed to play in the tournament. She has made immense progress by allowing one of her parents to become her ally. She needs to build and strengthen her relationship with her mother and allow her mother to come to terms with her decisions. She also needs to stand firm on her beliefs.Jess must learn to combine her interests and goals for the future with her cultural influence. She also needs to learn to be more constructive in her way of handling others opinions of her culture. She had become very upset on the field when a young lady called her a Paki. She began fighting with her. She and Joe have developed feelings for each other. She must work getting her parents to accept this because he is not of her culture. Overall, she has made tremendous progress and at this poi nt, she seems sufficient enough to execute these goals without further intervention.

Ebay Market Share

How to dominate the online auction sale off sale off sale mart Jeffrey Phillips Brian Somok Xiaoke Zheng administrator Summary Background e request Inc history September 1995 funded as a furbish up proprietorship. May 1996 incorpo arranged in California. April 1998 reincorporated in Delaw atomic upshot 18. September 1998 completion of initial public shoting October 2002 acquired PayPal Product Online Auction E re totallyy day, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, millions of people from all(prenominal) over the orbit go shopping at online auctions. This is not an extravaganza e embayment, with a 76% look at of the auction site commercializeplace place, reports 42. million users and a growth factor of 100% per Year Porters basketball team Forces Analysis Rivalry Rivalry is real intense. Yahoo had to overtake up Japan and Australia online auction sites in 2003 because of low margin in this securities industry even if Yahoo made capital investment in these gondola cardinal sites beforehand. Number of firms Online auction firms www. e bay laurel. com, www. overstock. com, www. ubid. com, www. yahoo. com, www. amazon. com, www. CQout. com, www. bidville. com, etc. The large(p) number of firms in this commercialize reflects the intense controversy among those sites. Margin profit is decreased to a relatively low level. Bay could still survive because of its scale of miserliness and substantially re editation. However, eBays growth in 2004 was much wasteder than in 2003. Sh atomic number 18holders put much pressure on eBay, and eBay had to read upright its pricing on alter services on the short run in come in to come across peoples short condition expectation. However, he is risking his longsighted term taxation and news report. Fixed cost Essentially, dogged costs on online auction market ar rather low purchasing programming engineering science patents, web, administration, recognize, accounting, staff, and daily operations. Product assortediationDifferentiation depends on how the operation is performed. thither is not too much difference among un akin online auction companies in web processing efficiency and tape transport efficiency, scarcely eBay is more(prenominal) contented than separates, due to their lengthy expertise in the market. eBay differentiated itself by compound PayPal payment system, which is famous for its pledge, sporty rate and net fit utility. eBay offers a cheap transaction topple rate, as well. It has greatest number of users by cold, which offers tenuous internet utility. virago used to be a substitute proceeds returnr.However, since 1999 virago added auction module in its bank line line. eBay likewise encroached on amazons corner by adopting fixed expense functions like cloud it straight simplyton and purchasing www. half. com. eBay and amazon suck up been slight different and in that respectfore rivalry has increased a modest. How ever, there is still an demonstr able-bodied gap between them in m championtary value of allot model and softw ar development. Amazon built its reputation with high-end users. It has a friendly and succinct transaction interface, which offers superior product mix. Amazon is utilizing Porters value scheme and has not changed this for years.On the different hand, eBay is a large confederacy of small purchasers and denounceers who deal with single-item proceeding at negotiable harms. It has a created cost good by scale of economy. roughly goods traded on eBay are secondhand, and eBays blood line changes more rapidly than Amazons. eBay is actually taking Porters cost strategy. Different line of merchandise models result in different m unrivalledtary operation. eBay generated $441 million kale in 2003 on $2. 17 billion revenue compared with Amazons much smaller $35 million profit on far more revenue &8212 $5. 3 billion. eBay has a more liquid and good financial structu re.Besides, these two companies are most(prenominal) valued by their proclaim network/community. Most guests arrogatet hold between auction and fixed price sell very often part because they are rooted in the community culture of either network. They dont draw incentives to change their current manner of transaction if it is satisfactory. Different business models and different networks are enough to place these two companies in different niches without too much rivalry. Barriers of New Entrants New freshers seize every luck to expand their market share. eBay still has a dominant market share of online auction.His reputation is a sweeping force in hold oning his good performance. However, eBay has to be cautious in every marketing decision. His mistakes leave be taken payoff by these brand- cleanfangled-fashioned comers. For example, www. bidville. com , an online auction site, recently experienced a dramatic increase in new member registration subsequently eBay a nnounced they would raise their itemization fees for venders. eBay took a prompt response by resuming the listing fee grit to the original level. eBay didnt win anything in this price adjustment and readjustment, only when eroded his reputation.Essentially in this online auction market, whoever has the most take a leak actualisation, wins the game. remunerate now, Bidvilles disadvantage in separate recognition puts Bidville out as a possible alternative to eBays market home temporarily. eBay should think around more to maintain his piddle recognition on the long run. Patents eBay does not hold any tonality patented technology. A new newbie could soft emulate eBays interface. High cost of intromission eBays most effective barriers are its large network and credible reputation. It is rather arduous for a new crank to build a new network starting with no users. We can verify this by how new air ticketing companies grow. ) The only expressive style to start a network fr om a reasonable size is to go for an online auction market from an lively online website company which already has a network, just as Yahoo and Amazon did. A new entrant must(prenominal) also demonstrate citationability and capability to customers and payment providers ( belief card, PayPal, eWallet, etc. ). New entrants must prove their attempts of efficient and honorable legal proceeding, to both purchasers and marketers. Why would buyers and vendors bother to reposition from a sound existing online auction site to a new one?Incentives to switch imply discounts, coupons, accumulative reimbursement like shop at miles, complements from other services an entrant or their co operate company offers, and higher- tint service in terms of timely and elegant shipping. All of these are trivial precisely not necessarily effective gross revenue methods. Effectiveness depends on a super sales strategy which is based on keen insight of business dynamics and human group dynamic s. It is hard for a new entrant to find an experienced strategist, and even if it does, there is still no guarantee to gain market share.This market is basically first-mover dominant. Furthermore, it is unlikely for payment companies like credit card companies or other electronic payment providers to brook a new entrant, because profitability is unclear. The revenue for successful new entrants go forth be low at the beginning and stable on the long run. However, expenses will be extremely high at the beginning. A new company archaicly survives within a short term unless it has a very generous percentage of leverage or a large amount of venture capital, and leverage is only available for public companies. on that pointfore, a new entrant can likely only be an existing company that operates in other markets. It should either be sufficiently self-funded or nominate a very strong, persuasive income statement and business be after to prove liquidity and gain leverage. Since the ea rnings bubble, venture capitalists are very cautious in investing in IT companies, especially Business-to-Customers or Business-to-Business ecommerce companies. (Check the performance of eBay during and after internet bubbles. ) Essentially, the scale of economy is very obvious in the online auction market.The value of an online network is proportional to the number of users squared. The scale of economy will naturally lead to a monopoly. A new entrant should either license a caper cake system or employ a third-party payment platform company that already integrates sham prevention system in its service. Brand loyalty First of all, eBay has been operating in this market since the beginning of e-commerce. A lot of e-commerce companies beat failed since the internet bubble. eBay has successfully survived because of the convenience and simplicity of its service. It has gained popularity and built loyalty among customers.It has a capture identity system, and every user has a record of past minutes. eBay has a sound rating system for every buyer and seller to piece credibility amongst the users. eBays user accounts work like passports of their personal credit and reliability. Most customers of eBay are long-term users therefore, they will not attempt humbug in their transactions. If they do, their rating suffers. All customers flow to trust each other because transactions are transparent to the 3rd party supervisor, eBay. eBay has successfully glum their online auction site into a community which has a cohesive culture.Photos of items to be sold greatly enhance the community value and establish good humour and trust between sellers and buyers. (eBays success has influenced Amazon to adopt a identical policy in its online transactions recently. ) New entrants are competing against a community as well as a company. It is rather difficult to build a new culture and a new community. There expertness be some other narrow auction niches available, but eBay o ffers nearly any product available. For example, eBay has online auctions for cars. However, since cars are large purchases, people tend to be cautious in purchasing them.They must inspect the cars in person, and the buyers and sellers tend to haggle in person. Online auctions dont seem contributory to the secondhand car market. As one would expect, eBay doesnt assume much revenue from car transactions, and any other online car auction websites are not likely to generate high revenues. Such specialized auction markets have uncertain viability. In the example of a car transaction, there are two types of creditability involved. One is buyers trust of eBay Will eBay protect the buyers cover? The other is buyers trust of sellers Will sellers defraud the buyers or exaggerate the quality of their cars?Shipping is also a major cost in this transaction. Most buyers obviously favor in-person transactions. There is little market space for online auction providers. In fact, there are free o nline bulletin boards that provide used car sale teaching. They make it difficult for paid online car auctions to exist at all. Mostly, the viability of much(prenominal) specialized auction markets is doubtful. so, there is express mail chance for new entrants. Substitute Products The most important merit of fixed-price online retail is that a buyer does not have to wait for an auction to end. It is challenge to shoppers who prefer straightforward sales.They value their time more than the small price change. It is basically a tradeoff between time and price. Since online auction and fixed online retail target people with different personalities, these two products necessityly dont conflict with each other. eBay expanded its market by adding fixed-price features to its online transactions, such as Buy It Now. Half. com is a fixed price online retail web site which is admited by eBay. This shows that eBay is flexible in its business model. On the other hand, Amazon, a traditio nal online fixed-price retail web site, launched its auction feature in 1999.Here, fixed-price retail acts fairly like a complement. However, it is a complement only when a company is involved in both types of sales. It is especially beneficial for the companys network utility. eBay expanded its community (network) by adding fixed price retail feature, as Amazon did by adding auctions. Both of them successfully combined these two functions together, which merged these two markets into one, and gave customers greater convenience by allowing them to decide which trend to purchase goods impromptu. However, there is less differentiation between eBay and Amazon. handed-down retail is more prevalent when the buyer must check the product in person or shipping is difficult or overpriced. eBay has had to build a strong creditability by reservation sure all the descriptions of online items to be sold are precise, complete and correct. Without this reliability, customers would switch to tr aditional retail stores. For those goods which are hard to price without observation, eBay cannot supplant traditional retail. This is particularly true for specialized items such as cars, jewelries, and plastic surgeries, all of which have too many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) details to be taken bursting charge of online.Online transactions seem impossible for these goods. The switching cost from online auction to traditional retail or fixed-price online is essentially high. For fixed-price online, sellers have to pay the shop fee for Amazons storage plant. For traditional retail, sellers have to pay for the storage fee and shelf rental fee. These extra fees, which are switching costs, are enough to discourage single item sellers, who are main customer category of eBay, to switch. Buyer business leader Customers price aesthesia Online auctions dont excite sellers for storage of their goods. Fixed-price sites might charge sellers for storage.Traditional retailers incur overh ead costs. Sellers have incentives to sell via online auction. On the other hand, online auctions in the first place deal with unpackaged new products or secondhand products. Most buyers of such products are familiar with eBay, so sellers are more prone to sell via online auction. Buyer bargaining tycoon is weakened. Customers negotiating power As I analyzed above, eBay is a large network of small buyers and sellers who principally deal with single-item sales. A seller generally sells one item to one buyer on eBay, so eBay has high prices and high margins when providing services for many buyers and sellers.Online auction site, recently experienced a dramatic increase in new member registration after eBay announced they would raise their listing fees for sellers. eBay took a prompt response by resuming the listing fee back to the original level. eBay didnt win anything in this price adjustment and readjustment, but eroded his reputation. Essentially in this online auction market, whoever has the most name recognition, wins the game. Right now, Bidvilles disadvantage in name recognition puts Bidville out as a possible alternative to eBays market space temporarily. Bay should think intimately more to maintain his name recognition on the long run. Patents eBay does not hold any key patented technology. A new entrant could easily emulate eBays interface. Buyer Power Customers price sensitivity Online auctions dont charge sellers for storage of their goods. Fixed-price sites might charge sellers for storage. Traditional retailers incur overhead costs. Sellers have incentives to sell via online auction. On the other hand, online auctions mainly deal with unpackaged new products or secondhand products. Most buyers of such products are familiar with eBay, so sellers re more prone to sell via online auction. Buyer bargaining power is weakened. Customers negotiating power As I analyzed above, eBay is a large network of small buyers and sellers who mainly deal with si ngle-item sales. A seller generally sells one item to one buyer on eBay, so eBay has high prices and high margins when providing services for many buyers and sellers. Supplier Power Suppliers to eBay offer technology patent, legal support for intellectual property, and fraud prevention systems. eBay has great pressure to prevent fraud, since its reputation is at stake. Buyers and sellers care about very much about their security.Online auction fraud in 2004 made up 16% of all consumer complaints last year, and 48% in the sub hang of internet-related complaints, topping the list. eBay has 0. 01% fraud rate of all transactions, but these isolated incidents feature wide media coverage, which discourages many potential customers. eBay is still improving its fraud prevention system. The fraud prevention system is launched by Microsoft Inc. and Visa Inter national Inc. As this system is undeniable to eBay, it has little leverage to negotiate a better price. Many online retail systems l ook at fraud prevention system, but there is only one supplier in the market.It has great bargaining power. Complements PayPal, as an online payment solution, is a good complement of eBays online auction business. PayPal is a neutral mediator based on the financial infrastructure of bank accounts and credit separate, support by a proprietary fraud prevention system. Transactions on PayPal are of low risk to both sellers and buyers. PayPal accepts property from the buyer in one of the three ways. Charging the buyers credit card Debiting the buyers checking account Charging from the buyers PayPal account. The buyer can unceasingly send check to his/her PayPal account.Then PayPal will email the seller about the payment made by the buyer. The seller will receive bullion in one of the three ways. The seller might have his own PayPal account. The payment will directly transfer to his/her account. The seller might receive a check from PayPal. PayPal directly deposits the payment into the sellers checking account. Buyers care about security. Buyers credit card numbers are only shown to PayPal. That is safer than online payment directly by credit card. Buyers also care about the cost. For transactions between PayPal customers, theres no transaction fee.PayPal makes money on the float when customers money sits in their account, PayPal is collecting interest on it. Customers generally dont care about the interest that PayPal collects on their deposits. Customers also care about ease of use. PayPal is one of the mere(a)st services for online transactions. All a buyer has to do is to provide his/her name, e-mail address, credit card information, and billing address. For business accounts on PayPal, merchants are aerated a 2. 2% discount rate + 30 cents on the transaction. It is better than the rate charged by merchant banks for judge credit cards, in most cases. eBay Micro StrategiesIncrease brand recognition Expand the auction market by introducing PayPal to more online auction markets assent card companies charge more for Internet-enabled merchant accounts (the accounts the merchants need to accept credit card payments on the Internet), because of the high cost to main security. Therefore, credit cards become too expensive for smaller purchases. PayPal might negotiate with credit card companies for smaller fees for their subscribers. They can cooperate to share the market in the following way Merchant accounts on PayPal will be charged less by credit companies than those on other online payment platforms.Therefore it can increase the number of small purchases on eBay auction. Nowadays, credit cards are the primary means of purchasing air tickets and recording frequent flier miles. eBay should inscribe the air ticketing markets. It definitely can offer the homogeneous service with PayPal. PayPal should cooperate with more airlines and online ticketing websites. If they can integrate PayPal into ticket sales websites, eBay will have a ma ssive potential market in air ticketing and also increase its network utility. eBay should acquire a greater online auction market share by educating online customers that PayPal is the online currency.Yahoos purse failed in the online marketplace. It was not easy to establish their own online payment platform, partly because the online payment concept goes against Yahoos traditional business model. PayPal should make use of its competitive advantage and offer Yahoo and other websites its specialized solutions. Perfect its proprietary fraud prevention system, which is essential to its success. eBay should let its customers, conjunctive online transaction sites, online airline ticketing sites, and credit card companies all feel that transactions through eBay will lower their costs and be more valuable. Bay should cooperate with shipping companies, and make its online transactions more lucrative eBay should work with Phish Report Network and other anti-phishing organizations more eff iciently in order to prevent fake online auction sites taking its market share and negatively charged the whole markets reputation eBay should work with bundle developers to amend the security, efficiency, and adaptability of its database. eBay should convince customers that there is no intentional bidding up air involved in its online auction practice Develop real name feature for customers.Put some restrictions on new sellers in expensive merchandise transaction or large volume sale until they have a good track record. Expand to international market, decrease national boundary barriers in terms of payment (credit card/PayPal) and shipping. Cooperate with local anaesthetic equivalent companies or localize by itself. Mediate between buyers and seller at Security C attain. Respect both sides privacy. Solve conflicts in ultraconservative way. Dont take risk of eBays reputation. eBay Today eBay is the worlds foremost online marketplace. through with(predicate) reliable customer s ervice, efficient information exchange, and by utilizing the latest technology, eBay has created an auction-based market community of an efficiency unheard of foregoing to the internet revolution. Competitive Advantage eBay has used its first-mover advantage to establish itself as the most reliable and, more importantly, largest auction house on or off the internet. In 2003 alone, more than 30 million people interchange over $20 billion. Due to the size and diversity of its user base, eBay is able to offer a wider selection of merchandise than any online retailer.This is made workable by the virtual nature of eBays market sellers can market obscure items to a global market as easily as and more cheaply than they could put an ad in their local paper. historied for matching buyers and sellers across the world with the most extreme items, eBay has developed immeasurable value in its brand name. eBay has become a household denomination synonymous with an eclectic online marketplace. eBay comes to the mind of any buyer looking for that rare or rarely-cheap item any seller hoping to get rid of a great deal anything knows a buyer is lurking somewhere on eBay.The site has become an easily identifiable rallying point akin to a popular leap club on a global scale everyone whos anyone is thereand everyone else too. eBays Macro Strategy eBay seeks to maintain a high level of consumer patronage by capitalizing on its unique positioning as an internet marketplace. Globalization. Since eBay is a virtual marketplace, eBay can establish language localized sites in other countries that have access eBays full auction database. Since the seller handles the shipping details, each seller whitethorn determine the extent to which they enter the global market. Bay has already expanded into 150 countries around the world. worldwide transactions require little additional bookkeeping cost trance their benefit to the consumer is enormous every buyer and seller has access to the l argest market possible. Communication By allowing buyers and sellers to meet and communicate online, eBay is able to minimize the costs of remote market re chase and various(prenominal) exchanges of information across states and borders. This interplay is essential to mutually amicable transactions on which eBay is based.To encourage fair transactions eBay provides an efficient feedback system to allow buyers and sellers to benefit from collective experience, giving customers a strong social incentive to honor each transaction. Integration Through its acquisition of PayPal eBay gained not only market share, but also vertical integration key to its long-term success. By embracing the payment method most commonly used on its site rather than forcing an unpopular one on its user base, eBay has not only retained the existing PayPal user base but expanded to those consumers previously unsure of which method to use.In 2003 there were 40 million PayPal accountsalmost twice as many as the previous yearand these customers transferred $12 billion across 38 countries. Diversification In addition to normal auction bidding, eBay now offers a Buy-it-Now option. Sellers set fixed maximum prices at which the auction will close before it begins. This attracts auction-wary consumers from other e-commerce sites outside of the strict auction market and effectively competes with amazon. com and froogle. com for fixed-price transactions.By allowing independent sellers to maintain storefronts online, eBay seeks to extend its position to include an even wider range of transactions, thus not only broadening its arouse but securing ties to more conservative consumer bases. The Future of eBay Industry Trends What originally began as a small industry of auctions for collectibles has mushroomed into a behemoth encompassing individual sellers, small businesses, and large retailers. The e-commerce industry is constantly growing, and many businesses rely on the reputation of eBay or one o f their competitors to sell their products.As the market grows, a wider demographic range of consumers will be purchasing an increasing number of products online. For example, teenagers are the target consumers of very recent products such as cadre phone ring tones and games, many of which are available exclusively online. As such varied consumer groups are emerging in the online market, there is more room for differentiation perhaps some niches are being created. Therefore, the barriers to incoming will decrease as the market expands. Competitive Trends eBay has a solid foothold as the canonical online auction site.They have a niche as an enormous community with an extremely high success rate of matching buyers and sellers. eBay is distinguished by its availability of single, used, and/or rare items, and for its floating prices. They are adequately differentiated from their competitors, and they possess roughly 70% of the online auction market share. However, due to the relativ ely low switching costs and innovation barriers inherent in a web market, eBay must continue to be rather defensive of their position, against current competition and potential new entrants. contemporary CompetitorsAmazon and Yahoo Auctions are the main competitors of eBay. Ubid. com has 14% of the market share, but they have a different niche than eBay by appealing to business-to-consumer transaction. Amazon may pose a threat to eBays utter assurance they are consistently bringing retailers into e-commerce. However, this comes with a great burden. Whereas eBay has roughly no overhead, Amazon needs to store and move vast quantities of inventory. Currently, Amazons revenues are considerably greater than eBays (about twice as much), but their costs are so high that eBays annual profits are roughly ten times Amazons.Alternatively, Amazon might choose to expand its auction operations, trying to nudge eBay from its niche. Amazon would have to establish a network, a community, on the scale of eBays in order to challenge them directly. Although this could be time consuming and costly to implement, counselling on transactions in which they are merely the broker and carry no cost could greatly increase their long-term profits. Yahoo poses little threat to eBay. While they theoretically have potential for growth similar to Amazon, they lack Amazons reputation.They also lack the cost-free transactions in which eBay luxuriates. New Entrants Online auctioning doesnt have high costs of entry, especially the way eBay operates All a new entrant needs is merchant software there is no need for warehouses or expensive machinery. However, many companies have tried to enter this lucrative market and have failed. New entry is difficult because eBay has an enormous community, which gives tremendous network value to both buyers and sellers. any entrant would have to build up a network from scratch. Conceivably, if a new company entered a niche market, e. g. uctions of teenage clothing and cellular phone phone accessories, they could survive, but such a market would likely be too small to gain any measurable market share. Alternately, a website that already has a large community would be able to enter more easily. For example, Craigs List has a network of millions of users, who rely on it for matching them up with people who can fulfill their specific needs. It would be simple enough to add an auction section to the site, and take advantage of this existing network to compete with eBay. Froogle, a new service from Google, may forever change the way online shopping is done.While it currently is a beta version, it looks to be a promising engine for online shoppers to quickly search nearly all online stores for the products they desire. While Froogle isnt an entrant to the online auction market (yet), it is sure as shooting the beginning of a powerful new substitute service. Froogle may be very dangerous to eBay for many reasons. Google already has a huge network of search-users and advertisers. If vendors (especially specialized vendors, as many on eBay are) can set up their own online stores and be rear for free on Froogle, they have less of a reason to pay eBay for its high access. Bay certainly still has a lot going for it, (security and reputation) but may soon find its network challenged by Froogle users. eBays Response eBay recently started Business. eBay, a new business-to-business online auction that spans all sectors, from mining to farming. eBay is aware that they may need to accommodate larger retailers in order to grow, and to challenge Amazons growth in this direction. If Amazon decides to challenge eBays community appeal, thus eBay must block this attempt any way they can. A simple method would be to start a price war. Bays costs are so negligible compared to Amazons that Amazon could not possibly survive a price war. EBay could almost give away auctions to sellers, whereas this sort of competition would bankrupt Am azon. If a new entrant emerges, eBays best bet is to rely on the value of their community. until now a company trying to enter into a niche market would have a difficult time building a network large enough to attract eBay customers. In the rare case of an established community site entering into online auctioning, eBay should engage in a price war if they believe this sites community is comparable to theirs. Bay is famous for their extreme efficiency, and any entrant would likely be somewhat inefficient due to their inexperience. eBays best response to Froogle is to assert their security and reputation to their users If you buy from eBay, you know you will have a safe and fraud-free transaction, especially if you pay with PayPal. On the other hand, if someone buys from an online shop found on Froogle, he has no idea how reliable the vendor is, or if his credit card information will be safe.If buyers are indisposed to engage in potentially insecure transactions outside of eBay, b uyers and sellers resembling will continue to complete their transactions through eBay. Summary eBay virtually monopolizes the online auction market, due to their large network value, extremely low costs, reputation for security, and efficient operations. When confronted with competition, eBay either relies on its community niche, or buys out the competition (i. e. Half. com and PayPal). They have created a market where entry is very difficult, and competitors are relatively powerless, particularly given the threat of a price war.These advantages should ensure eBays continued domination of online auctions in the future. However, they should court larger retailers, as Amazon has, to expedite their growth. eBay is likely to stay the leading online auctioneer for quite some time, as long as they remain adaptable to the ever-dynamic online market. eBay has proven to be a successful chameleon in the past, making lucrative acquisitions and modifying its business model, depending on the s tate of the online market. As long as eBay continues to aggressively maintain its community and reputation of security, it will dominate the online auction market.References 1. Crockett, Roger O. No shaping? No Problem. BusinessWeek online. . October 23, 2000. 2. eBay 2003 Annual Report. . 3. Hof, Rob. Meet eBays Auctioneer-in-Chief. BusinessWeek online. . May 29, 2003. 4. Hof, Robert D. The eBay Economy. BusinessWeek online. . August 25, 2005. 5. Lewis, Marilyn. eBay and Amazon. webservicespipeline. . celestial latitude 22, 2004. 6. Perez, Juan Carlos. Online auction providers grapple with fraud. Computerworld. . Februrary 17, 2005. 7. Roberts, Paul. Microsoft, eBay, Visa form Phish Report Network. Computerworld. . February 14, 2005